Heat olive oil in a large pot over medium heat.
Add garlic and sauté for 1 minute until fragrant.
Stir in the bell peppers, zucchini, broccoli, and cherry tomatoes. Cook for 5 minutes.
Add the pasta and vegetable broth. Bring to a boil.
Reduce heat and simmer until pasta is al dente and liquid is mostly absorbed, about 12 minutes.
Stir in lemon juice, Parmesan cheese, and fresh basil.
Season with salt and black pepper. Serve warm.